Satire Essay Main Rules, Topics, Examples

Parody Essay Main Rules, Topics, Examples Step by step instructions to Write A Satire Essay This article will control you on the best way to compose a parody paper in detail and will clarify what a parody exposition is just as give you a few models. The content uses parody to cause you to comprehend its fundamental goal. Assignments on this point are known to be the most trying for most understudies. In these sorts of papers, understudies need to show their ability in substance and branch of knowledge. Additionally, they should utilize diversion to point idiocies found in our genuine circumstances . Despite the fact that parody articles are brimming with humor, there are those without or negligible examples of silliness. The vast majority of them are communicated in a genuine tone which shows that perusers should pay attention to them. There are points of interest of composing these sorts of expositions all the more so to those people wishing to ace the specialty of composing. When you have figured out how to inject incongruity, amusingness, and overstatement, you will find them not exclusively being fun yet additionally simple to compose. Learning your Task Its essential for you to see each part of your composing task. You ought to be in a situation to call attention to the accompanying: In the event that your schoolwork plans to ridicule a given social theme The length of the paper Our arranging aide will assist you with choosing the correct configuration to utilize while composing your task. You may be in a problem not realizing whether to compose your paper in first, second or third individual perspective. For the individuals who have never perused parody expositions, you ought to consider perusing crafted by Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal who is notable for these kinds of pieces. On the off chance that you are pondering where to discover them, at that point consider the site The Onion which for the most part manages the subjects in legislative issues. While composing your task, joining parody empowers you to compose the paper in a first people perspective. This makes you bring up issues in the general public particularly those concerning society and culture. Utilizing a model where this article focuses womens disparaging which is being clarified by Trumps Hollywood tapes spilled data (Satire Essay, 2019). Image recommending that female sex ought not restrict what so be it state propose that they are irritated by his articulations. This is obviously appeared through crafted by E.L. Jamess Fifty Shades of Gray demonstrating a sentimental connection among female and male where the male is in all out control and the lady is relied upon to submit to him. Subjects of Satire Essay When composing a parody exposition on any subjects, its great to call attention to the critical occasions of culture and legislative issues. The most well-known thoughts you ought to consider while composing: Brexit Outskirt Walls Hillary Clinton Mike Pence Donald Trump Barack Obama Tim Kaine Migration change A rundown of ironical themes is perpetual and on the off chance that you are uncertain of what to choose contact our help group who are prepared to help you whenever. Conceptualizing of Any Satirical Essay Any great exposition composing process starts with conceptualizing. Conceptualizing is a helpful apparatus for all paper journalists that assumes a noteworthy job even recorded as a hard copy an ironical article (Satire Essay, 2019). While there are recognizable composing traces utilized in the underlying phases of arranging, there are different strategies that work entirely well with regards to parody composing assignments. One of the devices that are ordinarily utilized and we like most is the utilization of an air pocket map. An air pocket map is a basic device that would be utilized beginning from grade schools onwards. The apparatus partners words in accordance with your subject of intrigue. For example, in the event that you choose to compose an air pocket map for any unmistakable figure in the general public state, Donald Trump, you will expand and utilize words like businessperson, father, wedded, philanderer, separated, New York City, orange, very rich person, pompous, land, and home alone. You can see from the above air pocket map how those words carry out components that are related with Donald Trump. With regards to graphic articles on a pooch, there would be a few words in the center like the name of that given canine (Satire Essay, 2019). When utilizing the air pocket map, you ought to know that the words you pick ought not be your own words you choose to utilize while composing your paper. The words utilized should help in uncovering an issue and further coordinates on the methods of moving toward it satirically. Proposal Statements in Satire Essays Subsequent to settling on the correct subject, you should then think of a decent postulation articulation for your paper. You might be thinking about what a proposal articulation is. Proposition Statement is simply a guide of your piece that is consistently a couple of sentences. It enables your perusers to comprehend the essential goal of your article. Notwithstanding your article type, the structure of your proposal proclamation consistently continues as before aside from in parody exposition where it contrasts somewhat. In parody papers, it is diverse not normal for circumstances when one is proposing a genuine thought. The following are a few instances of Thesis Statements: To guarantee the security of your gems, you should be obvious on it, guarantee important gems is put away in a vault or store box that is protected, likewise, don't go with extreme gems than (Author: Kim Kardashian-West) Having a fruitful marriage is incredibly basic: you need to distinguish your subsequent spouse while wedded to your first wife and have more kids with her before you get hitched. (Creator: Brad Pitt) From the above models, unmistakably the most humorous component in the paper is the individual composing it. Additionally, the intended interest group can be a piece of the parody. At the point when Jimmy Carter wrote to Trump a letter illuminating him not to stress of culpable ladies is sarcastic in a manner since both Jimmy and Trump are regarded figures in the United States of America.â The instance of Bill Clinton is composing a letter to Barrack Obama to direct him on the most proficient method to be a decent spouse while in the White House is Irony in itself. This is on the grounds that Obama is notable for his greatness in family matters and he is seen to be a brilliant spouse as well. Then again, Bill had a lousy heritage as he engaged in extramarital relations outside marriage while in office. At last, reactions of Maddona of Lady Gaga of exposure or even Peter Rose Criticizing Tom use all parts of twofold parody. Assets for Satirical Essays A wide scope of ironical papers depends on occasions occurring in the current century. In spite of the fact that refering to them straightforwardly may not be necessary right now, it is basic for you to know the genuine realities and issues that are related with a given circumstance (Satire Essay, 2019). It is even amusing for you to recognize the satiric news locales. In this cutting edge time, this would be substantially more hard to see concerning political setting. To keep away from every one of these difficulties, you should be cautious while choosing your point and guarantee your sources are fair and scholastically dependable. It very well may be troublesome finding a dependable hotspot for your paper. To be certain you have the correct sources, utilize the sources that are not over three years of age and from trustworthy distributers like papers, magazines, and .com and .organization sites. Be that as it may, you are allowed to utilize hotspots for over three years of age, yet you ought to illuminate your perusers regarding any difference in data in the concerned period. Moreover, you may have been disheartened to utilize sources like Wikipedia, Britannica, and Encyclopedia while doing your composing assignments. The counsel is acceptable as these sources are not viewed as dependable sources in the insightful world. Be that as it may, don't permit the restriction to keep you from utilizing the references (Satire Essay, 2019). They can give a brilliant diagram of your point and give you assets you can investigate for additional information.â Google researcher is another extraordinary web index that offers you a chance to constrain the sort of assets you need to take a gander at. With the above web crawler, you can discover either scholastic or insightful articles and would bolster you in finding the best scholarly and academic composition. Other nonexclusive locales like CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC are likewise acceptable wellsprings of data while composing parody expositions. Likewise, you can utilize other neighborhood and significant systems as they are acceptable wellsprings of news. The above news channels have programs that are not sources however are both social and political critique. While utilizing these shows, you should be cautious as they now and then present data to the perusers in a one-sided way or give untrustworthy data. As you compose know about conceivable one-sided data particularly while choosing your sources. Refering to your Sources On the off chance that you choose to consolidate every one of your assets in your humorous exposition, you should refer to every single scholarly source to back-up any case you make on certain political styles. On the off chance that your paper depends on genuine dates, uncommon realities, and figures, you have to refer to every one of your sources. In such cases, you will be guided on the arrangements to utilize, or you should settle on your own . The most regularly utilized scholastic reference styles for college understudies are the American Psychology Association (APA), current language affiliation (MLA), and Turabian or Chicago. Except if in your task there are away from on the sort of organization to utilize, go for the composing style you see best. Instances of Satire Essays As an understudy, its simple for you to process an idea in the event that you are given a model. In this way, our model won't just assist you with seeing how you can compose a stunning mocking exposition however will likewise assist you with acing how you can arrange your papers effectively. On our site, you will get an amazing mocking article. Simply take care of in the request structure. We trust that subsequent to perusing our article on parody and utilizing our gave models, you will be more certain than before to stand up to any parody exposition all through your scholarly excursion. Significantly in the wake of perusing our article and models you may in any case experience moves directly from point determination to finishing your paper . Recall that we are here for you. We have a total group of mentors read

Why are people scared and why people dont want to go to doctors Research Paper

Why are individuals terrified and why individuals dont need to go to specialists - Research Paper Example Despite the ailment, convenient analysis and treatment are fundamental to accomplish the ideal wellbeing results (Storla, Yimer and Bjune 15). As a rule, the guide of the issue looks as though patients have some inalienable passionate or mental issue that forestalls them visiting their doctors on schedule. In all actuality, the circumstance is very extraordinary, and it isn't patients’ issue that they can't arrive at the specialist on schedule. It is a direct result of issues with clinical consideration, inability to give protected and effortless clinical controls, and talk with patients satisfactorily and exhaustively that people build up the dread of medication and decline to visit their doctors on schedule. Regardless, the nature of clinical consideration without anyone else turns into a genuine hindrance to getting to and utilizing medicinal services. Present day life is extremely dynamic and individuals want to go to their earnest duties than to sit and hold up until the specialist is allowed to get the following patient. Patients would prefer not to go to specialists, since they expect they should hold up hours, before they get to the required expert. Holding up times stay a significant issue in today’s medicinal services, and not many patients are happy to go through hours in the holding up line. Thus a few patients neglect to visit a specialist considerably subsequent to investing a lot of energy close to his room, in light of the fact that the specialist needs to return home as his working day is finished. This circumstance isn't satisfactory at all and genuine measures ought to be taken. â€Å"Time spent holding up is an asset speculation by the patient for the ideal obje ctive of being seen by the doctor and thusly might be directed by the outcome† (Anderson, Camacho and Balkrishnan 31). Notwithstanding, what amount is a lot and what amount is sufficient to sit hanging tight for the doctor? It resembles hanging tight for a considerable length of time in the Hopkins Gynecology Clinic: â€Å"The open wards at Hopkins were loaded up with patients, the greater part of them dark and

The Cost of College Essay Example for Free

The Cost of College Essay The expense to go to school is high, and has been ascending for a long time. The expense of school is excessively high, many individuals can’t manage the cost of it, and joblessness rates are out of this world. For what reason is the expense of school to such an extent? The best answer would be our economy. Our economy greatly affects the rising costs of everything, including school educational cost. Another factor affecting the cost of school is the interest for an advanced education, for a well-paying occupation is like never before. The issue of the expense of school right presently is that numerous individuals can’t stand to head off to college, and it places them owing debtors despite the fact that it might be justified, despite all the trouble. Works Cited Adams, Caralee J. Mid-Income Students Incur Higher Debt. Training Week 29 August 2012. English, Ed. Bereft of all pride: The High Price Of Higher Education: A College Degree Has Become An Indispensable Credential In Today’s Workforce. Be that as it may, With The Cost Of Postsecondary Education Soaring, A Degree Is Also Slipping Out Of Reach For More People. What’s Behind Tuition Inflation, And Can Its Trajectory Be Altered? EconSouth 2011: 6. Luhby, Tami. Is College Worth It? Professions and Colleges November 2000. ? Articles about College Tuition: The expense of school is rising, and has been ascending for a long time. Despite the fact that the costs can be pretty much relying upon what express the school is in, what certificate understudies plan on getting, and what sort of undergrads go to, the expenses are still extremely high. At a private four-year school the complete expense would be over $40,000. At an open four-year school the expense would be more than $20,000. The expense to go to a two-year school would be more than $14,000. Most occupations expect representatives to have a type of degree. Despite the fact that the costs continue rising, an ever increasing number of individuals are setting off for college to show signs of improvement instruction, so they can find a well-paying line of work (English). Another issue with the significant expenses of school is the obligation that joins it. Indeed, a few people get grants, and others have the cash they need, yet a few people don’t. The individuals that don’t have enough cash or don’t get a grant that need or need to head off to college need to get the cash. Getting these a lot of cash causes a ton of obligation. Graduates can have a huge number of dollars paying off debtors. Obligation can cause numerous issues all through life. Since most alumni can't find a well-paying line of work directly out of school, they have issues taking care of the high measures of obligation (Adams). Others believe that the expense of school ought not be an issue since it is justified, despite all the trouble. Setting off for college implies that graduates will have the option to show signs of improvement paying occupation than they could without a degree. Having a superior activity will inevitably permit graduates to take care of credits and flourish in reality. Individuals who have a Doctorate or Professional degree procure somewhere in the range of $120,000 and $150,000 every year. Individuals who have a Masters or Bachelor’s qualification acquire somewhere in the range of $80,000 and $95,000 every year. Individuals with just a secondary school instruction just acquire about $45,000, and individuals with not exactly a secondary school training just win about $30,000. It is critical to have an occupation that will pay enough to carry on with a decent life and even help a family. Despite the fact that the expense of an advanced degree is ludicrously high, it is totally justified, despite all the trouble. Getting an advanced degree and having better openings for work to find a well-paying line of work helps individuals from multiple points of view for the duration of their lives (Luhby).

Role of Family Influences on Consumer Behavior - 550 Words

Role of Family Influences on Consumer Behavior (Essay Sample) Content: Role of Family Influences on Consumer BehaviorStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitution AffiliationsThe family is the most important consumer unit that most companies focus on. This is because families possess a huge purchasing power. This has led most of the companies to conduct research about how family structures are changing. There has been a steady change in the family structures in the past three decades due to an influence by the social trends that emerge year after year. The traditional description of families is one which comprises of parents and children who are unmarried. Modern definition of families has changed from containing only a couple and the unmarried children to a family household. A family household is a group of people who are living together.Changes in the family structures presents an opportunity to marketing companies (Kanuk Schiffman, 2007). Changes in the composition of families lead to a more diversified demand and needs of families. Over the p ast three decades, there has been a reduction in the number of families made up of married couples with children and the number of married couples without children. It can also be noted that the number of family households has also been increasing. Reasons for an increase in a number family households are the social trends such as; delayed marriages, delayed child births and unmarried cohabitation (Roger, 2012). Over the past few years, there has been an increase of the number of working women and divorces. This is the reason that can be attributed to an increase in number of single women.Products that are made for the family means that they are suitable for all family members and if the family consists of children the product should not be inappropriate for children. Insurance products have for a long time been products that were initially intended for families with children. Insurance education and health plans are consumed mainly by families that want to secure a future for their children. Consequently, due to declining in the number of families that comprise of married couples with children, health insurance companies have developed products that are low-cost. Insurance companies know that young adults either cannot afford the normal insurance products, or they think that they do not need coverage. Insurance companies have also developed strategies to make insurance look desirable to the young men and women living alone. They do this by investing in technology and communicating to them at their convenient time through websites and emails (Roger, 2012).Cars are another product that was mainly used by families in the past few decades. Vehicles were intended to transport the family. The increase in the number of women and men who live alone has created a huge market for car companies. These young men and women are mainly interested in pr...

Devolution of Local Government in the Philippines - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5615 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Politics Essay Type Narrative essay Topics: Government Essay Did you like this example? DECENTRALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION In the later part of the 20th Century there has been a dramatic shift in the manner governments around the world managed their states. Instead of having a centralized form of government, most nation nation-state now somehow adopts the idea of shifting some of the national or central powers to the local government units. This shifting of powers is called Decentralization. Decentralization is the transfer of planning, decision making, or administrative authority from the central government to its field organizations, local governments, and nongovernmental organizations as defined by Rondinellei and Cheema. According to de Guzman and Padilla, decentralization is the dispersal of authority and responsibility and the allocation of powers and functions from the center or top level of government to regional bodies or special purpose authorities, or from the national to the sub national levels of government. Decentralization is a strategy us ed by the government towards democratizing the political system and accelerating the attainment of sustainable development†[1] for the reason that it will promote or allow fuller participation of the citizens in government affairs and will give the local governments and the communities a more active role in the economic, social and political development [2]. Government further assumes that through decentralization â€Å"development would be more responsive to the needs of the people and would create opportunities in the regions, promote employment and economic activities and as well strengthen people’s participation in the affairs of the government†[3]. Different forms of decentralization can be distinguished primarily in terms of the extent of authority transferred and the amount of autonomy. Decentralization may take the form of devolution and deconcentration. Deconcentration involves the â€Å"redistribution of administrative responsibilities only withi n the central government†[4]. It is not a transfer of power from the central government but merely to â€Å"delegate such powers and responsibilities to the hierarchical levels, primarily to facilitate the administration of national programs and services, and this approach is otherwise referred to as administrative decentralization†[5]. Administrative decentralization can take effect without the necessity of legislation but with the issuance of an executive or administrative order. Although the local units now have responsibilities bestowed to them, they are still supervised and controlled the central government; therefore all transactions cannot be done unless approved by the central government. They are not to decide on their own. Deconcentration is the assignment of functions to ad hoc bodies and special authorities created in the region to render technical assistance on regional development. This could be done in different ways: 1) the shifting of the workload from a central government ministry or agency headquarters to its own field staff located in offices outside the national capital. 2) The transfer of some decision-making discretion to field staffs but with guidelines set by the central ministry. 3) Local administration, in which all subordinate levels of government within a country are agents of central authority, usually the executive branch[6]. Another form of decentralization is delegation or the transfer of some functions to semi-autonomous organization not directly under the control of the central government. Often these organizations have semi-independent authority to perform their responsibilities and may not even be located within the regular government structure[7]. This form is more definitely extensive than administrative deconcentration. Examples are public corporation, regional planning and development authorities, multi purpose and single purpose functional authorities and special project implementation units. D evolution, on the other hand, â€Å"seeks to create or strengthen independent levels or units of government through giving them certain functions or create units of government that are outside its control[8]. It is also called as â€Å"political decentralization and involves the transfer of power, responsibility and resources for the performance of certain functions from the national to the local governments†[9]. Its fundamental characteristics are: a. Local government units (LGU’s) are autonomous, independent and learly perceived as a separate level of government over which central authorities exercise little or no direct control. b. LGU’s have clear and legally recognized geographical boundaries within which they exercise authority and perform public functions. c. LGU’s have corporate status and have the power to secure resources to perform the function. Lastly, d. Devolution implies the needs to develop local governments as institutions. This is an ar rangement in which there is reciprocal relationship between central and local governments. The LGU’s has the ability to interact reciprocally with other units in the system of government of which it is part. Lastly, Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) and Community Organizations is used to â€Å"decongest the government by mobilizing the NGOs and COs for planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of government programs which will make government actions more responsive to the needs and demands of those who truly deserve government assistance and may minimize graft and corruption while injecting cause-orientedness in the bureaucracy†[10] There are mixed motives and causes of the shift to decentralization worldwide, primarily politically driven. Some commonly sited reasons are democratization increases efficiency and economic growth, improves supply and delivery of local services, vested interests of national politicians, preservation of national political systems in the face of growing local demands and general failure of centrist experiments. In the case of the Philippines, of the four given forms of decentralization, devolution is the prevalent form of decentralization used by the government. Decentralization and democratization tend to reinforce each other; decentralization is a factor in increasing democratization while successful decentralization can only take place with democratic process. To a certain extent, that is what the devolution and the local autonomy is all about: unleashing the creative powers and resources at the local level towards the general objective of developing of self-reliance and lessen dependence upon the central government which after all has been one reason for the state of nderdevelopment of local government unit in the Philippines. Indeed, local governments in the Philippines are undergoing a fundamental structural and ideological transformation as a result of the devolution in 1991. This transform ation will be better appreciated within the context of decentralization, democratization and local empowerment. THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND CENTRAL- LOCAL RELATIONS: FROM PRECOLONIAL BARANGAY TO THE 1991 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE Although it is commonly assumed that the decentralization process in the Philippines is a complete break from the overly centralized past, evidences show that â€Å"the so-called landmark LGC of 1991 is not an abrupt break from the past but a result of a long struggle for decentralization and local autonomy. [11]† According to Hutchcroft, scholars viewed the Philippine public administration as â€Å"over centralized because they tend to concentrate far more attention to formal structures of authority than on informal networks of power†[12]. But looking back in time, â€Å"before the arrival of Arab traders, scholars and the Spaniards in the sixteenth century, everything was local. † â€Å"The ancestors of the Fi lipinos established an indigenous and autonomous political institution known as the barangay, which was composed of some thirty to one hundred households. Some of these small-scale political units were clustered together, but most of them ‘had not attained a level of political organization above and beyond the kinship principle. †[13] When the Spanish colonizers came, they introduced â€Å"a centralized system with the Spanish governor-general as the supreme authority in all matters†[14] with the â€Å"subnational officials acting as his agents†[15]. The barangay (renamed as barrio) remained as basic administrative units but other ties of local government were added: â€Å"the pueblos (municipalities), cabildos (cities), and provincias (provinces). †[16] Local discretion in the governance of local affairs was allowed only towards the end of the Spanish regime. The Maura Law of 1893 sought reforms in the local government system by granting greater local autonomy to towns and provinces in Luzon and Visayas and by allowing local citizens to select some of their officials. †[17] But because of the Philippine Revolution which shortly followed in 1898, these reforms did not make much impact at all. According to Tapales, the Spanish period had impacts, however, on the development of local governments in the Philippines. â€Å"First, indigenous activities were supplanted by putting in place an alien system of local government. Second, a high degree of centralization in the capital of Manila in Luzon came to characterize national-local relations for another century after the Spanish colonization. Third, the divide-and-rule policy of Spanish colonizers, their concentration of all political activities in Manila and the ensuing neglect of the other regions outside Manila, and the curtailment of many elements of internal trade strengthened regionalism and the other regions’ contempt for the center, which remain strong un til today. Fourth, at the end of Spanish rule, there were still areas in the Philippines that considered themselves not part of the emerging nation at all which was because the Spaniards were unsuccessful in consolidating all the islands under their control. And finally, the Spanish period left local elite that would continue to play important roles in the decades ahead. The datu in the Philippines were incorporated into the Spanish colonial regime. They were dependent upon Spanish patronage and support but they also exercised considerable powers in the local areas. †[18] In 1898, against the backdrop of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, the first but short lived Philippine Republic under the Malolos Constitution was established. Officials were elected on a popular basis and decentralization and administrative autonomy were among the rallying cries of the period. [19] The Malolos Constitution which served as the framework of the Philippine revolutionary government , provided for the creation of municipal and provincial assemblies, autonomous local units, and popular and direct elections. [20] The American occupation of the Philippines (1902-1935) saw the promulgation f a number of policies promoting local autonomy. These included the organization of municipal and provincial councils based on general suffrage. Other pronouncements indicative of the thrust towards local autonomy included the following: the Instructions of President McKinley to the Taft Commission; the incorporation of the City of Manila (Act 183 of the Philippine Commission in 1902); the establishment of the Moro Province (act 787 in 1903); the organization of provincial governments (Act 1396 in 1905); and the extension of popular control, like the elimination of appointive members from the provincial board. 21] The American colonial period began with an emphasis on local self-government with the aim of building democracy from below. Municipal and then provincial elections were first introduced before national elections. However, American administrators discovered that Filipino elites who came to fill posts in municipal governments â€Å"where regularly ‘mishandling public funds’ by voting all available revenue to pay for their own salaries. [22] Concerned with inefficiency and corruption in local governance, Americans tinkered with the liberal democratic system they introduced by moving toward centralization to prevent the â€Å"evils† of unrestricted and â€Å"untutored† Filipino rule. While the United States attempted to institute a new system, it ended up preserving much of the informal power structure and in ruling through the ilustrado and cacique classes. Like their Spanish predecessors and other colonial regimes in South East Asia, American administrators allowed the cooperative elements of the Filipino elite an increasingly larger role in government for expediency purposes. But in the process, they turned a blind ey e on the local elite who â€Å"enriched themselves at the expense of the peasants and increased their traditional power within the local communities. [23] In spite of the enactment of the above-mentioned policies purportedly supportive of local autonomy, the Americans maintained a highly centralized politico-administrative structure. Largely because of security considerations, local affairs had to be under the control of the Americans. The Commonwealth period (1935-1946) saw local government in the Philippines placed under the general supervision of the President as provided for under Article VII Section II of the 1945 Constitution. Additionally, the President, by statute, could alter the jurisdictions of local governments and in effect, create or abolish them. [24] Ocampo and Panganiban note that the constitutional provision limiting the Presidents power to general supervision was a compromise measure substituted for the stronger guarantee of local autonomy proposed during the constitutional convention. President Quezon preferred to appoint the chief officials of cities and would brook no democratize nonsense. [25] During the 1934 – 1935 Constitutional Convention, emerging Filipino leaders were group into two camps: those who favor stronger local government, and those who consider state control more important than local governments. The second group won. Thus, the 1935 Constitution had no separate article on local governments, in contrast with the two succeeding constitution of the Philippines. In addition, the 1935 Constitution formally created a very powerful Philippine president. Thus, the trend during the Commonwealth period, the transitional government before the granting of independence, was centralization. Aside from the state-control bias of the 1935 Constitution, some writers also attribute the centralization trend to the strong leadership style of President Manuel Quezon. Quezon believed that under a unitary system, the national chi ef executive should control all local offices. The result was that central supervision rapidly increased and was personally exercised by the president to a degree previously unheard of. However, as Hutchcroft noted, Quezon was primarily concerned with centralizing control over patronage resources. Thus, he achieved great success in establishing central-local relations aimed at electoral objectives rather than promoting administrative effectiveness. Formal centralization continued during the brief Japanese occupation (1942 – 1945). As in the case of the Spanish and American colonization of the Philippines and especially since there was a world war going on, an even greater degree of central control was imposed on local governments by the occupying power through a national government where Filipinos collaborators, still from the local elites that cooperated with the Americans, held positions. Philippine political independence was granted by the Americans in 1946. The firs t local autonomy act (RA 2264) was enacted in 1959, entitled, An Act Amending the Laws Governing Local Governments by Increasing their Autonomy and Reorganizing Provincial Governments. This act vested in city and municipal governments greater fiscal, planning and regulatory powers. It broadened the taxing powers of the cities and municipalities within the framework of national taxing laws. [26] The year 1959 also saw the passage of landmark legislation as afar as local autonomy is concerned. The Barrio Charter Act (RA 2370) sought to transform the barrios, the smallest political unit of the local government system into quasi-municipal corporations by vesting them some taxing powers. Barrios were to be governed by an elective barrio council. Less than a decade later, the Decentralization Act of 1967 (RA 5185) was enacted. It further increased the financial resources of local government and broadened their decision-making powers over administrative (mostly fiscal and personnel) matters. [27] More specifically, the Decentralization Act provided that it will: Grant local governments greater freedom and ampler means to respond to the needs of their people and promote prosperity and happiness to effect a more equitable and systematic distribution of governmental power and resources. To this end, local governments henceforth shall be entrusted with the performance of those functions that are more properly administered in the local level and shall be granted with as much autonomous powers and financial resources as are required in the more effective discharge of their responsibilities. [28] By any measure, the imposition of martial law in 1972, which abolished local elections and vested in the dictator the powers to appoint officials who were beholden to him, was a great setback for the local autonomy movement in the Philippines. Notwithstanding the highly centralized dictatorial set-up, the 1973 Marcos Constitution rhetorically committed itself to a polic y of local autonomy: The State shall guarantee and promote autonomy of local government units, especially the barrio, to ensure their fullest development as self-reliant communities. [29] The document likewise constitutionalized the taxing powers of local government units thus: Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenue and to levy taxes subject to limitations as may be provided by law. 30] However, the President continued to exercise supervision and control over the local governments. The authoritarian government promulgated the Local Government Code of 1983 (Batas Pambansa Bilang 337) which reiterated the policy of the State to guarantee and promote the autonomy of local government units to ensure their fullest development as self-reliant communities and make them effective partners in the pursuit of national development. [31] Obviously, genuine autonomy could not be realistically implemented under the authoritarian regime. 32] From the gr anting of formal independence in 1946 until 1972, the general trend had been toward the decentralization. Until 1950, national executive departments made all administrative appointments at the provincial and municipal levels. However, they were generally made in consultation with the local political elite. A number of laws passed by Congress gave greater autonomy to local government through the grant of additional powers or the lessening of national control on local affairs. Significant legislative enactments include the Local Autonomy Act (Republic Act RA 2264), the Barrio Charter (RA 2370, later amended by RA 3590), and the Decentralization Act of 1967 (RA 5185). The Supreme Court also contributed to the cause of local autonomy by moving away t a liberal to a narrower interpretation of constitutional power of the president to supervise local governments. The decentralization trend culminated in the inclusion of a separate article on local government in the draft of the new cons titution and the draft Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP). The draft constitution contained provisions guaranteeing local government autonomy, local power to create their own sources of revenue and to levy taxes, greater citizens’ draft IRP, meanwhile, strengthened the regions. But under the draft law, LGUs were still supervised through the office of the President and the various departments. [33] Furthermore, central-local relations in the Philippines before the declaration of martial law in 1972 differed from other developing Asian countries that were characterized by the widespread phenomenon of tight central control at the time. According to Friedman, this difference sprang from the country’s colonial heritage and reflected formal, structural, alternatives, albeit unaccompanied by new conceptions of government. Before the 1970s the Philippines already had constitutionally differentiated provincial governments and a variety of elected governing bodies and of ficials at the city, municipal, and barrio levels. Friedman continued that while financial resources needed for governing were always lacking, â€Å"a complicated and politically influenced system of grants† made the Philippine local government system more autonomous than in other Asian countries. While this type of system generated its own benefits as well as problems, â€Å"the potential for continued development† that is not discernible everywhere in Asia existed in the Philippines. After the 1896 EDSA People Power Revolution toppled the Marcos dictatorship, the Philippine government headed by Corazon Aquino renewed its commitment to greater decentralization as a means of attaining its development goals and objectives. This was expressed in the goals of the new administration’s development program (â€Å"the Policy Agenda for People Oriented Development†). The program stated that the role and structure of government would be guided by the key org anizational principles of decentralization, among others. The administration’s commitment to achieving greater decentralization was further reinforced by the extensive provision on local autonomy in the 1987 Constitution. Article 2 (Declaration of Principles and State Policies), Section 25, says: â€Å"The State shall insure the autonomy of local governments. † There is also a separate State shall insure the autonomy of local government (Article 10) that is more extensive than its counterpart in he 1973 Constitution. Article 10 has the following very important provisions: 1. Creation of autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera. 2. Granting LGUs the power to create their own sources of revenue and to levy taxes which shall be automatically released to them. 3. Providing local governments with a just share of the national taxes which shall be automatically released to them. 4. Entitling local governments to an equitable shares in the proceeds of the utili zation and development of the national wealth within their respective areas. 5. Providing for regional development councils for other similar bodies composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments and other government offices, and representatives from NGOs within the region for purposes of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the units thereon and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in the region. [34] The provision of the 1987 Constitution would serve as the legal precedent for the enactment in 1989 of two laws creating autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras. Then, in 1991, after almost five years of debate in Congress, the Local Government Code or RA 7160 was enacted. This law is by far the most focused on devolution and democratic decentralization in the country. It is also considered the most important piece of legislation to emerge from the Aquino administration. The 19 91 LGC is a product of both external factors, although internal factors play a stronger role in terms of the actual contents of the legal basis as well as the dynamics of its implementation. Decentralization has been carried out not solely for the traditional public administration arguments but, more important, in light of its democratic dimensions and other political considerations. There are mixed motives and a conjuncture of political factors in the decision to undertake decentralization. First, there are practical and administrative reasons. For decades and peaking with Marcos’s dictatorship, a formal centralized structure failed to deliver services. This failure is especially relevant in a diverse archipelago of thousands of islands. In addition, overly centralized formal mechanisms limited prospects for development in the countryside. Second, The Philippines undertook decentralization after the overthrow of Marcos for idealistic reasons. President Aquino, civil-so ciety groups, various leagues of local governments, and some national legislators genuinely felt that decentralization and local autonomy were more than administrative innovations. They were tools toward achieving democratization and vice versa. The Code was meant to be centerpiece of a government that came into power by overthrowing a dictatorship. Finally, political leaders also have personal reasons for undertaking decentralization. Obviously, traditional local politician saw the new benefits they would reap from devolution. More important, subject to the new constitution’s imposition of term limits, members of the House of the Representatives were motivated by a desire to assume local government positions in the failure in an environment where significant powers and finances have been devolved to LGUs. In terms of timing of the Code’s approval, many legislators were also motivated by a desire to get reelected or get elected to higher positions in the coming elec tions. Philippine politico-administrative history is replete with examples of tensions between a highly centralized governmental structure and the demands for autonomy among the various component local units: at one level, there is an imperative for a dominant and assertive leadership necessary for the consolidation and even the very survival of a weak state; at another level, there is demand among component local institutions for autonomy from the central government in order to enable them to become more responsive to situations obtaining locally and, paradoxically, strengthen a weak state. 35]Earlier historical attempts to decentralize power and authority to local institutions through various means are testimony to the fact that the problem of overcentralization is one that has been recognized but continued to persist through the years. For instance, the decentralization of administrative authority (but conspicuously unaccompanied by political decentralization) was a hallmark of the Marcos dictatorship. A Local Government Code was in fact enacted in 1983. But these attempts at decentralizing government remained simple administrative formalisms. Power continued to be concentrated in Manila with local units heavily dependent upon central government. In fact, before the enactment of the Code, local governments were beginning not only to be restive but also assertive, demanding that the umbilical cord that tied them to Manila be severed because this was the root cause behind their stunted growth and underdevelopment. With Philippines archipelagic nature, it is no wonder that the Philippine government had made lots of experiments to find the most suitable way to govern the country. The reinforcement of a centralized and decentralized  government varied from the pre-colonial barangay to the 1991 Local Government Code. A lot of factors triggered such trend variation. Aside from the countrys geographic nature, which hindered the successful consolidation of all islands under the control of one government, the public officials were not yet properly trained or educated on the implementation of governments policies and procedures to prevent unethical acts such as corruption and  red  tape. Despite of this, decentralizing the government has been the best option to effectively implement governments programs and policies, wherein the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays of the nation enjoys local autonomy which are then generally supervised by a central government. [36]And because of a greater degree of accountability, responsiveness and participation, effective decentralization can make a big difference by making the provision of local (social and economic) services more efficient, equitable, sustainable and cost-effective. Through community participation in decision making, planning, implementation and monitoring and backed by appropriate institutions and resources, it can go a long way in improving the quality of life, particularly of the poorer and marginalized sectors of the population, thereby alleviating poverty. THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM AND CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT THE 1991 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE The passing of RA 7160 or the Local Government Code (LGC) contain five major features which gave noteworthy supremacy to those local government units (LGUs). It transfers the responsibility for the delivery of various aspects of basic services plus some regulatory and licensing powers to the local governments. It also increases the financial resources available to LGUs, lays down the policy framework for the direct involvement of civil society, most especially non-government organizations and people’s organizations in the process of local governance, and encourages LGUs to be more entrepreneurial. [37] These are as follows: 1. ) the code devolves or transfers the responsibility for the delivery of various aspects of basic services to the local governments. Most significant devolved services include health, agriculture, environment and natural resources, social services and public works funded by local funds. 2. ) The code transfers certain regulatory and licensing powers to local governments. These include reclassification of agricultural lands, enforcement of environmental laws, inspection of food products and quarantine, enforcement of National Building Code, operation of tricycles, processing and approval of subdivision plans, and establishment of cockpits and holding of cockfights. 3. It increases the financial resources available to LGUs by broadening their taxing powers, providing them with specific share from the national wealth exploited in their area, and increasing their automatic share from national taxes. 4. )It lays down the policy framework for the direct involvement of civil society, most specially NGOs and Pos, in the process of local governance – some degree of debureaucretization. These openings for civil society are meant to promote n ot only popular participation but also local accountability and transparency. Finally, 5. The code encourages the LGUs to be more entrepreneurial by providing them with opportunities to enter into joint ventures with the private sector, engage in the BOT arrangements, float bonds, and obtain loans from local private institution and the like. In a sense, the code encourages them to be less reliant on the national government instead generate their own resources but still the President has the authority to exercise general supervision over the LGU delegated to the DILG – the successor of the pre – martial department of local government and community development. More specifically, this could be done through the following: First, sectoral representation in local legislative councils, particularly those represents women, worker, and other sectors as determined by the specific Sanggunian. ( either sanggunian panlalawigan, panglungsod, sanggunian kabataan and the like); se cond, through allocation of specific seats for NGO and PO representative in local special bodies (like the local development council, the local health board, and the local school board);third, participation in political exercises like plebiscite, referendum, and recall. and lastly, involvement in the planning and implementation of development programs. Moreover, the present local government unit creates criteria according to the 1991 Local Government Code. The country has existing levels on the local government which has an elected set of chief executive and members of a legislative body called sanggunian as well as bureaucracy. The levels of the government include the provinces, cities, municipalities, and the village-level barangay. [38] This shows that there exists an established administration on the local sector. However, in the case of cities, higher-income cities are autonomous and classified as highly urbanized or chartered cities, while the rest are component cities that , like the municipalities, are under provincial supervision. [39] When a city is already considered as a highly-urbanized one, it becomes independent to the provincial government. However, when it has not yet reached the level of being a chartered city, then, it still remains under the authority of the provincial government. DEVOLUTION’S IMPACTS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Local government indeed plays a central role in any democratizing polity. For one, being in the frontline, they are regarded by many citizens as the government. If local governments fail and are unresponsive to the basic needs of the people then government to those people is a failure, regardless of the grandiose plans and visions it has. The increased role of governments in the democratizing polity may also be seen within the context of global trends and development. The rapid breakdown of many centralized institutions has led to the observation that the â€Å"center cannot hold†. While the implementa tion of the code may not have been a smashing success, it may be rightfully claimed that it has not been a failure either. A high point in the battle for devolution was the presidential veto of the proposed bill to recentralize health services. If anything, this maybe a major indicator of the current leadership’s political will to follow through the devolution process. The support of the various concerned agencies to increase the LGU’s absorptive capacities, through the preparation of guidelines and even developing various capability programs with appropriate institution also augurs well for devolution. The most controversial issue in decentralization is implementation in the real world. It presents problem which are as follows: first is that a significant number of LGUs â€Å"refuse and hesitate to accept the devolved functions and services for reasons such as limited financial resources to maintain and sustain the operations of the offices charged with the functions and delivering the devolved services†[40]. For example the health practitioners, they are now the responsibilities of the LGUs and be compensated with accordance of the Magna Carta involving heath services[41]Next are the problems which have something to do with personnel management, because some of them do not want to be directly under the control and supervision of the local executives, especially those devolved personnel from the national agencies. According to the Legaspi there are concerns on to what extent the basic services and functions which includes financial allocations from the national government and support facilities be transferred to the LGU’s because it is not clearly defined. Indeed there are things to be settled until it can be said that the decentralization in the country is successful. â€Å"However, it is important that the devolution process not be romanticized and seen as the end-all and panacea for all our problems. National government c ertainly still plays a critical role in the overall development process. The preparation and development of standards, redistribution of resources and identification of projects and activities that national government can finance given its unique capabilities and perspectives still are areas where it has some comparative advantage and therefore demonstrate competence†[42]. [1] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [2] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). dited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Bookman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 5 [3] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). edited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Bookman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 3 [4] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Intro duction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [5] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). dited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Bookman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 4 [6] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [7] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [8] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [9] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). edited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Bookman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 4 [10] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). edited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Boo kman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 4 [11] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [12] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [13] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [14] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [15] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [16] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [17] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [18] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [19] Alex B. Brillantes, Jr. Decentralization, Devolution and Development in the Philippines, UMP-Asia Occasional Paper No. 44, 1999 [20] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edit ed: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [21] For the extensive and detailed discussion of these various initiatives, see Laurel, op cit. , pp. 289-293 [22] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [23] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [24] Ocampo and Panganiban, op. Cit. , p. 5 [25] Brillantes Cit. 26] Brillantes Cit. [27] Brillantes Cit. [28] Ibid. [29]Brillantes cit. [30] Ibid. [31] Ibid. [32] Ibid. [33] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [34] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. 14 Brillantes, Cit. 15 [35] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [36] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [37] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [38] Decentralization, Autonomy and the Local Government Code: The Challenge of Implememtation. edited; Legaspi, Perla. Local Government Center ,College of Public Administration, University of the Philippines and Ford Foundation. Philippines, 1995. p 2 [39] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [40] Democritization: Philippine Perspectives. Miranda, Felipe. University of the Philippines Press. Diliman, Quezon City, 1997, p. 98,99 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Devolution of Local Government in the Philippines" essay for you Create order

Why Accountability Is Not Something I - 1703 Words

Crucial Accountability Accountability is not something I have devoted much thought to or pondered about in detail. While reading Crucial Accountability, I started to recollect experiences in my past where accountability needed to be addressed. I realized that at times, I unconsciously held accountability conversations that were successful; and at other times, thoughtfully pursued accountability conversations that resulted in disaster. I was not aware until I started reading the text that a method exists for achieving success with accountability conversations. Also, I was unaware that my viewpoint and preconceptions could be the reason why some of my accountability conversations have gone wrong. I did not hold myself accountable to preparation before I held others accountable to their infractions! Prior to reading the text, I thought informing someone of how I felt about an infraction was a means to let him or her know I did not like what he or she did, not as a means for changing a pattern or behavior because he or she needed to be held accountable. However, after reading the text, I realized that I have a lot more responsibility and influence when having an accountability conversation. It never occurred to me that the reason for a failed outcome could be the way I approached and confronted someone. Probably the most profound lesson I learned was that I should be putting myself in the other person’s position to understand their perspective. I am guilty of jumpingShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Accountability in the Army Essay examples1526 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Accountability Is so you know where everyone is so if you need a person for something you will know where to find them. 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Information Security Risk Assessment Practices of Leading Organisation

Question: what are the best approaches for implementing information assurance principles? Where do you see the most areas for improvement to current protocols and policies? Answer: Introduction The risks towards the information systems have been existing since a long time either from malicious actions or from unintentional errors caused by users or from manmade causes or natural disasters. In the present times the organisations have turn into further liable to these kinds of hazards as the computers are further connected and therefore it has increased the interdependency and accessibility among a large number of users. Another factor which affects information security is the increase and spread of computer knowledge which has been tremendous and the number of people using computers has also grown their interests in the field of hacking which can be easily learnt via the internet. One of the main reasons for the need of information security is that because of the automation of most of the systems but lack of development in the security program management (Robert Huggett, Aleksey Poryadin, Peter Robertson, 1998). In this report we are going to study the effects of risk assessment in a multinational oil company which has been managing its operations in over 30 countries with unpredictable levels of risks. The safety and security apprehensions are the main criteria in an automated oil company for the smooth conduction of business and therefore the risk assessment technique is the ideal process. The company engaged a comparatively rationalised, mostly qualitative procedure to evaluate IS hazard. A H.Q parallel risk management director, accountable for security threat valuations, remained the principal fact for the threat valuation program. The policy followed defined steps for scrutinising hypothetically harmful situations and concerned amount to of consistent devices, as well as software advanced intramural, to assemble and scrutinise data and produce statements. Initiation of the Risk Assesment: The assessment of the risks is processed according to the company policies before any important change in the facility or the processes after any instances of security breach has occurred or whenever any form of risk has been identified. The company guidelines has specified that the administrator of a project or sector of processes has to inform their regional security co-ordinator of the urgency of the security assessment. This notification is then again passed on to the central security co-ordinator. The main person responsible for the initiation of the task of risk assessment is the business manager but the central co coordinator too has the duty for routine reviews of the core financial plan and the venture papers in order to identify operational sections that might need a hazard evaluation (Jack L. Brock, 1999). Conveyance And Documentation Of The Assessment The risk assessment process is divided in three distinctive stages i.e. design and homework, risk valuation undertakings and report enhancement. Preparation and planning As a risk assessment notification is implemented the central co-ordinator with the senior executives in the organisation will develop a risk assessment implementation strategy. The plan has to be composed of the assessment of aims and the processes, size and composition of the teams and the information required for the conduction of the assessment. When the final plan is decided it has to be endorsed by the business unit. The risk assessment team constitutes of individuals from multiple disciplines and usually contains from 5 to 8 individuals. Sometimes the team also constitutes of outside individuals like consultants. The senior managers select the team with the approval of the central co-ordinator. The risk assessment leader should never be selected from the unit which is going to be assessed. Actually no specialist should be selected from the business unit which is in question and they can be only interviewed to gain vital information on the security issues. They are of vital impo rtance for the risk assessment, therefore developing their interview questions is a vital part of the planning and requires close co-ordination among the corporate unit manager and the chief controllers. All the individuals including the high-ranking executives to the safety experts and even the servicers are converse with (Executive Order 12958, 2000). For the guaranteeing that all forms of possible threats are considered in the assessment, the corporation has recognised a distinct business unit that fosters and supports the risk statistics for use by the whole corporation, including the risk valuation teams. This team is offered the duty of collecting the data from the internal and the external sources and hence create a point of departure risk report that classifies the probable coercions from the external agents or the insiders, as well as threats induced by the systems. Before the convening of the assessment activity the central coordinator provides each of the team members a package of the information which contains a copy of the agreeable execution plan , schedule of assessment, previous risk assessment report of the business unit if any, threat data, risk assessment methodology and the interview questions. These tools helps to reduce the amount of tools required for the training of the assessment team (Te Tari Taiwhenua, 201 4). Assessment activity The main emphasis of this stage is gathering and examining the data on the threats and the possible susceptibilities and the use of optional actions in order to reduce the vindication risks. The first step is to conduct interviews with the knowledgeable individuals of the business units. The interview answers help to cultivate circumstances of probable undesired and destructive events. As of this case an employee was struggling financially and therefore was forced to sell highly confidential information of the company to sell to the outsiders. Once the scenarios are created the job of the team is to rank the severity of the scenario, highest being the loss of life and lowest is the minor system or environmental damage categorised into four parts. The above scenario was a level 2 stating damage of exclusive information or foremost system or environmental mutilation (Risk Assessment Special Interest Group (SIG), 2012). Development of report After the team develops corrective actions, it prepares a report in form of an exit brief. This report will indicate the risk scenarios that need immediate attention and the one which can be implemented in the future. These recommendations are also monitored by the central co-ordinator until they have been fully implemented and thus the work of the risk assessment and mitigation is concluded for the business unit (Ming-Chang Lee, 2014). References Executive Order 12958. (2000, august 23). Retrieved from Classified National Security Information: https://www.dss.mil/seclib/eo12958.htm. Jack L. Brock. (1999). Information Security risk assessment practices of leading organisations. A Supplement to GAOs May 1998, 45. Ming-Chang Lee. (2014). International Journal of Computer Science Information Technology. Information Security Risk Analysis Methods and, 29-45. Risk Assessment Special Interest Group (SIG). (2012). security standard council. PCI DSS Risk Assessment, 23. Robert Huggett, Aleksey Poryadin, Peter Robertson. (1998). Environmental Risk Assessments of Oil and Gas Activities. A Report of the Oil and Gas Risk Assessment Subgroup of the Gore, 131. Te Tari Taiwhenua. (2014). risk assessment process. infrormation security, 22.